Background and purpose: The COVID-19 pandemic may have influenced the average years of life lost (YLL). This study aimed to analyze trends in mortality and YLL before and after the onset of COVID-19 in northern Iran. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted using data from all recorded deaths in Mazandaran Province. The Cochran–Armitage trend test and the Mann–Whitney test were applied for data analysis, with a significance level set at P < 0.01. All analyses were performed using softwares of Stata version 14, Excel 2013, and SPSS version 23. Results: The crude death rates during the study period were 424, 419, 432, 474, 575, 603, and 496 per 100,000 population, while the corresponding average YLL were 19.7, 19.3, 18.6, 18.1, 17.2, 17.8, and 17.8, respectively, indicating a decrease in YLL during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic in this province. The findings also indicated greater vulnerability among the elderly, a decline in deaths due to external causes and traffic accidents, a higher incidence of male deaths, and a greater number of deaths occurring in urban areas. Conclusion: Although COVID-19 increased all mortality indicators studied, the average number of years of life lost due to premature death decreased and its trend changed during the COVID-19 period in this province. The lower number of years of life lost due to premature death in urban population could be due to greater access to healthcare services.  It is recommended that, given the availability of a nationwide system for registering and classifying causes of death, this information capacity be used to monitor relevant events and changes in health indicators in order to continuously monitor and take supportive and compensatory measures in crises such as the coronavirus

Background & Aims: Environmental air pollution is one of the most important environmental problems and the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) has identified it as the fifth most dangerous human and environmental health hazard in the world. So, they are facing the problem of air pollution on a local, regional and global scale. Toxicity associated with air pollutants can cause a variety of health effects on humans such as respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and even death (1, 2). The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 800, 000 people worldwide die prematurely each year from these diseases caused by air pollution (3). Suspended particles (Including PM2. 5) are major air pollutants in terms of public health hazards. PM2. 5 particulate matter penetrates deeper into the lungs and causing some of the more dangerous health effects compared to PM10 (2). Ahvaz city with an approximate population of more than 1 million people, an area of 220 square kilometers, and the capital of Khuzestan province is one of the cities in the southwest of Iran. In recent years, due to industrialization, the amount of environmental pollution, including air pollution, has been increasing in this metropolis. This study aimed to estimate the health effects of PM2. 5 pollutants on years of lost life (YLL) and expected life remaining (ELR) indicators in the air of Ahvaz city from 2008 to 2017 using AirQ+ software. Methods: The present study was a quasi-experimental study with a statistical population of 10 years for residents of Ahvaz. In this study, the long-term health effects of PM2. 5 pollutants on YLL and ELR indicators in the air of Ahvaz city during the period years (2008-2017) were estimated using AirQ+ software. PM2. 5 pollutant data were collected from environmental and meteorological organizations in Ahvaz city and the health effects of PM2. 5 were estimated. In the next step, this data was processed by Excel software and the data processed by Excel was given to AirQ+ software. Data processing was performed using overlapping Excel sheets in the Excel environment and R and Minitab software. Also, the validation of PM2. 5 data for ambient air quality in Ahvaz city was performed based on the methodology of WHO and Aphekom (16, 17). PM2. 5 averaging data and ELR and YLL data for the entire population in the age range of 0-64 and over 64 years were processed and entered into AirQ+ software. Also, the significant relationship between PM2. 5 pollutant concentration and ELR was investigated with the Pearson correlation test at a significance level of 5%. Results: The average annual variation of PM2. 5 concentration was very variable the highest concentration was 70. 72 micrograms per cubic meter in 2010 and the lowest was 41. 97 micrograms per cubic meter in 2014. In all measurement years, the concentration of PM2. 5 was higher than the WHO standard with a range of variations between 4. 2 and 7. 7 times. The highest number of YLL for ten years in the age group of 0-64 years, was 412. 77 years in 2010, and the lowest number of YLL for the age group of 0-64 years, was 135. 79 years related to 2014. Also, the maximum and minimum YLL for ten years for the age group over 64 years was 1135. 96 years for 2010, and 262. 88 years for 2014, respectively. For ELR, the highest value for the total population of Ahvaz city during ten years, at all ages for 2014 was equal to 72. 56 years and the lowest in 2010 was equal to 62. 17 years. Conclusion: In all years of measuring PM2. 5 (2008-2017), the amount of this pollutant in the air of Ahvaz city has been more than the WHO standard, and its range of changes between 4. 2 to 7. 7 times more than the standard (10 Micrograms per cubic meter). Therefore, Ahvaz is considered one of the most polluted cities in the world. The polluting factors of this city include the geographical and topographical location, the phenomenon of dust, increased transportation, being close to the Arabian desert and the large deserts of the neighboring countries, and the increase of important production industries such as oil and steel (21, 22). The maximum and minimum YLL for all ages in Ahvaz city were 1548. 73 years in 2010 and 398. 67 years in 2014, respectively, which are linearly related to PM2. 5 pollutant concentrations. The highest and lowest PM2. 5 concentrations were obtained in 2010 and 2014 in Ahvaz city. From the results of this study, it was estimated that in all the studied years, people over 64 years old had higher of YLL than people aged 0-64 years. The ELR index can be useful in evaluating all the plans made in the field of health and well-being of the population. Prolonged exposure to relatively low concentrations of ambient air pollution results in a significant reduction in the ELR index (30). A comparison of the results with the Iranian standard and EPA showed that in all years the ELR from 2008 to 2017 was lower than the standard. The highest ELR index was 72. 56 years (2014) and the lowest was 62. 17 years (2010). The values of this index had a significant relationship with the concentration of PM2. 5 pollutants. The ELR index decreased and increased with increasing and decreasing the concentration of PM2. 5 pollutants, respectively. By examining the significant relationship between PM2. 5 pollutant concentration and ELR in Ahvaz city through Pearson's correlation test at a significance level of 5%, the correlation coefficient showed a value of-0. 97, indicating a negative correlation between these two parameters. It seems that in the west of the country, the number of days off due to dust has increased significantly in recent years. Therefore, the use of AirQ+ software not only for Ahvaz but also for other cities in the west of the country can be a powerful tool for estimating the lost years of life and reducing life expectancy attributed to PM2. 5 pollution. Therefore, estimating the long-term health effects of YLL and ELR exposure to various air pollutants, including PM2. 5, can be very useful to evaluate plans for health, population well-being, and the development of general environmental policies.

Objective(s): To adopt appropriate policies and strategies for securing, maintaining and promoting health, there must be accurate information and indicators. This study, estimated the years of lost life due to premature deaths, which is one of the indicators of prioritizing community health problems. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, information on the number of three major causes of mortality (death due to cardiovascular disease, cancer and tumors and unintentional events) was obtained from National Registry Office in 2017. YLL was calculated according to the 2010 Global Burden of Disease Act. Results: According to the National Registry, 10739 deaths occurred in Kermanshah Province. The distribution of the causes of death showed that the most deaths caused by heart disease (45. 6%). the deaths of cancers and tumors was 11. 1%, accidents were 7. 6%, and other causes was 35. 6%. The number of years lost due to premature death in men due to cardiovascular patients was 48774 years (49. 4 per 1, 000), cancer and tumors 17310 years (17. 5 per 1, 000), and incidents 28941 (29. 3 per 1, 000), In women, due to cardiovascular disease it was 76703 (38. 1 per 1, 000), cancer and tumor 12121 (12. 6 per 1, 000) and incidents 10049 (10. 4 per 1, 000). The lost years for all deaths in men was (29. 29 per 1000) and for women it was (10. 42 per 1000). Conclusion: The findings suggest more appropriate interventions are needed to prevent premature deaths for men and also for different age groups at risk.

Background and Objec􀆟, ves In order to evaluate the burden of disease in the provinces of Iran, this study seeks to investigate the provincial differences of the main causes of years of life lost in old age in 2016. Methods This is a descriptive cross-sectional study that was conducted in 2016 at the provincial and national levels. These data were obtained from the registration system of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education, and using the standard method of the World Health Organization, the number of years of life lost was calculated based on three causes of death for the elderly. Results The share of elderly deaths in total deaths ranged from 43% in Sistan and Baluchestan province to 77% in Gilan province. Golestan province had the highest YLL rate due to cardiovascular diseases (345 per thousand) and cancers (227 per thousand) in old age and Kerman province with 81 per thousand had the highest YLL rate due to respiratory diseases at this age they had. Conclusion Increasing the proportion of elderly population in the future and, consequently, the in-creasing trend of deaths at this age and in order to better manage it, it is necessary to pay attention to provincial differences and potentials to improve the health of the elderly, especially in the field of causes of death.

Introduction: The study of mortality and years of life lost (YLL) can increase public awareness of health risks and determinants. This study was conducted to determin the mortality rate and years of life lost by all causes in the Tehran Lipid and Sugar Longitudinal Study (TLGS) data. Materials and Methods: Data from the first to sixth phases of the TLGS (from January 31, 1999, to March 20, 2018) were used to estimate the mortality rate. Mortality rates by age and sex were calculated by dividing the number of deaths by the number of the population. In addition, age-standardized rates (ASR) were calculated using the world standard population. The YLL was also calculated by multiplying the standard life expectancy by the number of deaths per year. Results: The results showed an increase in crude mortality in both sexes, particularly in men. The standardized mortality rate decreased in the total population and men, from phase four and in women from phase three. Cardiovascular disease accounted for 42.46% of all deaths, and YLL was 10,625 years for men and 6,891 years for women. The trend of YLL also increased during different phases. Conclusions: The results show that factors related to mortality need to be addressed, especially in men and older age groups. Attention to the variety of causes of death and changing trends can help improve health services and reduce the mortality burden. Policymakers should focus on the prevention of non-communicable diseases and the promotion of public health.

Aims: Death due to violence (Homicide) is a heinous situation for social health. The purpose of the study was to identify the demographic characteristics and geographical distribution of homicide in Iran over the years 2011-2017. Materials & Methods: This longitudinal and descriptive study was performed using secondary data analysis. The total mortality data for homicide resulting from the years 2011 to 2017 were extracted from the Civil Registration Organization and based on the international classification of the cause of death (ICD10). The population of each province to calculate the death rate in the population was taken from the general census of population and housing in both 2011 and 2016. All data were by gender, age, season and province. Using homicide death rate the geographic distribution was compared, and sex composition was compared by sex ratio of the rate, and difference of the rate for the changes over time, and [YLL] was used to analyze the age composition and impact of homicide on the population. Findings: Between 2011 and 2017, an average of 1, 360 murders was recorded annually in the country. The homicide rate was declining during the period, especially for women. In 2016, the homicide rate for men was 7. 7 times that for women. Seasonally, the lowest and highest rates of homicide among young men were in winter and spring, respectively. Conclusion: Death due to homicide in young men is a threat to social health and leads to years of lost life in the workforce. The high level in low-income provinces with ethnic subcultures requires regional programs to reduce this problem in the country. Special programs need to be implemented to fill young people's leisure time, especially in high-risk areas.

Background and Objectives: The purpose of this study was to ascertain the mortality rate and years of life lost (YLL) resulting from COVID-19 infection in Hamadan Province. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, information regarding the number of deaths caused by COVID-19 infection was obtained from the ViceChancellor of Health at Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. The research period spanned from February 2020 to February 2021. The deaths recorded by the deputy health department encompassed both outpatients and inpatients. The calculation of Years of Life Lost (YLL) was based on the guidelines outlined in the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2010. All data analysis was performed using Excel software. Results: During the study period, a total of 1556 deaths occurred due to COVID-19 infection in Hamadan Province. The years of life lost (YLL) due to premature death were 15783 years (49. 99 per thousand) in men, 12794 years (38. 43 per thousand) in women, and 28577 years (44. 08 per thousand) in both sexes. Specifically, urban areas accounted for 19824 YLL, while rural areas accounted for 8753 YLL. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, COVID-19 infection resulted in a significant loss of potential years of life, particularly among men, those over 60 years of age, and in urban areas. As a result, intervention programs should prioritize the importance of early detection of the disease, reducing its severity, and subsequently mitigating the number of fatalities. Additionally, better control of the disease in elderly populations, who represent the highest proportion of years of life lost, should be a focal point.